Indian Pass is a resort on the south coast of Gulf County, Florida, 8 miles south of Port St. Joe. It promotes itself as an uncrowded haven for sports fisherman and water enthusiasts, and for dining featuring locally caught oysters. A ferry provides access to a wildlife sanctuary on St Vincent Island. Indian Pass is commonly thought of as one of the last bastions of “Old Florida” living.
Indian Pass is located at 29°41′25″ North, 85°15′51″ West. The name refers to a natural pass leading from Apalachicola Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
This Florida state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Pass,_Florida”
Categories: Gulf County, Florida | Florida geography stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from December 2009 | All articles lacking sources
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Erotically Charged Dance Songs for the Desperate
(2004)
Blood: The Natural Lubricant (An Apocalyptic Adventure Beyond Sodom and Gomorrah) (2005)
Erotically Charged Dance Songs for the Desperate is the first EP by hardcore/metal band Gay for Johnny Depp. It was released in 2004 and is now out of print.
Track listing
“Kill The Cool Kids” – 1:59
“Lights Out” – 2:20
“She Said “I Like This One”" – 2:37
“At Least Be A Target” – 2:11
“He Loved It So Much He Went Mad” – 1:31
Personnel
Sid Jagger - Guitar
Marty Leopard - Vocals
F. Cokboi - Bass
JJ Samanen - Drums
External links / Reference
Gay for Johnny Depp official site
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotically_Charged_Dance_Songs_for_the_Desperate”
Categories: Gay for Johnny Depp albums | 2004 EPs
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An act to provide for the relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, and for other purposes.
Acronym / colloquial name
JEA
Enacted by the
104th United States Congress
Effective
November 8, 1995.
Citations
Public Law
104-45
Stat.
109 Stat. 398
Codification
Act(s) amended
None
Title(s) amended
None
U.S.C. sections created
None
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 1322 by Bob Dole (R-KS) on October 13, 1995
Committee consideration by: Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, and House Committee on International Relations
Passed the Senate on October 24, 1995 (93-5
Roll call vote 496, via Senate.gov)
Passed the House on October 24, 1995 (374-37
Roll call vote 734, via Clerk.House.gov)
Signed into law by President Not Signed. 10 days of inaction as per Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution of the United States on November 8, 1995.
Major amendments
The Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995 is a public law of the United States passed by the 104th Congress on October 23, 1995. It was passed for the purposes of initiating and funding the relocation of the United States Embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, no later than May 31, 1999, and attempted to withhold 50 percent of the funds appropriated to the State Department specifically for ‘‘Acquisition and Maintenance of Buildings Abroad’’ as allocated in fiscal year 1999 until the United States Embassy in Jerusalem had officially opened. The act also called for Jerusalem to remain an undivided city and for it to be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel. Israel officially recognizes Jerusalem as its capital; the foreign policy of the United States government officially does not. The proposed law was adopted by the Senate (93-5), and the House (374-37).
Since passage, the law has never been implemented, because of opposition from Presidents Clinton, Bush, and Obama, who view it as a Congressional infringement on the Executive Branch’s constitutional authority over foreign policy; they have consistently claimed the presidential waiver on national security interests.
Contents
1Background
2Details
2.1Timetable
2.2Constitutional separation of powers
2.3Presidential Waiver
3Developments
4See also
5References
6External Links
Background
Main article: United States positions on Jerusalem
Jerusalem holds unique spiritual and religious interests among the world’s three great monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Following the First World War, the victorious Principal Allied Powers recognized these as “a sacred trust of civilization”, and stipulated that the existing rights and claims connected with them should be safeguarded in perpetuity, under international guarantee. The terms of the British Balfour Declaration of 1917 were included in the Mandate for Palestine by the League of Nations. The US government was not a party to these agreements; but stated official foreign policy in 1919 was to ‘acquiesce’ in the Balfour Declaration, but not officially support Zionism. On September 21, 1922, the US Congress passed a joint resolution stating its support for a homeland in Palestine for the Jewish people but not at the expense of other cultures present at the time. This occurred virtually the same day, the Palestine Mandate was approved by the League of Nations; although official government findings about the affected peoples’ choices concerning self-determination were available in government circles, they were withheld from the public until the following December. US foreign policy remained unchanged. These competing nationalist claims, one emanating from European oppression and one emanating locally against perceived colonialism, led to increasing civil violence during the inter-war period; following World War II, the ‘Question of Palestine’ was placed before the United Nations, as the League’s successor agency.
On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 181, the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine; it contained a recommendation that Jerusalem be placed under a special international regime, a corpus separatum, administered by the United Nations and be separate from both the Jewish and Arab states envisioned. Following the conflict that ensued, cease-fires and the 1949 Armistice Agreements were negotiated and accepted by both sides. One of these resulted, in part, in a temporary division of Jerusalem. The relevant Armistice Agreement with Jordan, was signed on 3 April 1949, but it was considered internationally as having no legal effect on the continued validity of the provisions of the partition resolution for the internationalization of Jerusalem.
On December 5, 1949 however, the fledgling Israeli Cabinet, meeting in Tel Aviv, declared Jerusalem to be the capital of Israel, and on January 23, 1950, the First Knesset proclaimed that “Jerusalem was, and had always been, the capital of Israel.” Because the status of Jerusalem had been included previously in the UN Partition Plan, most countries did not accept this Israeli position, and most embassies have been located elsewhere.
The United States has stated that its policy on Jerusalem refers specifically to the geographic boundaries of the area that were set out for the “City of Jerusalem”, or Corpus Separatum, in Resolution 181, but since 1950, US diplomats have traveled regularly to Jerusalem from the US Embassy in Tel Aviv to conduct business with Israeli officials. The United States has also stated that, in a de jure sense, Jerusalem was part of Palestine and has not since become part of any other sovereignty. After the capture of the entire city and the adjacent West Bank in the 1967 Six Day War, the United States again reaffirmed the desirability of establishing an international regime for the city of Jerusalem.
Moving the US Embassy to Jerusalem would be a coup for Israeli hard-liners and their American supporters; they had lobbied hard for the passage of the Jerusalem Embassy Act at a particularly critical time in negotiations for the Oslo Accords, despite opposition from both the Israeli and American administrations. The embassy move remains controversial within the United States government because the final status of Jerusalem (and Palestine) has not been agreed by the parties in the Peace process.
Details
The act asserted that every country has a right to designate the capital of its choice, and that Israel has designated Jerusalem. Jerusalem is defined as the spiritual center of Judaism. Furthermore, it stipulates that since the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967, religious freedom has been guaranteed to all.
, also stated that “Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999″.
Although the Senate and House votes preceded visits by then Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Jerusalem Mayor Ehud Olmert to Washington to celebrate the 3000th anniversary of King David’s declaration of Jerusalem as the capital of the Jews, little to no progress has been achieved in the physical relocation of the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem to date.
Timetable
Section 3 of the Act outlined the U.S. policy and set the initial parameters for the Secretary of State to report in order to receive the full funding - again, with a May 1999 target deadline for the appropriations. The section also briefly stated U.S. policy concerning the matter.
Sec. 3. Timetable.
(a) Statement of the Policy of the United States.—
(b) Opening Determination.—
The major roadblock has been the question on what effect, if any, the relocation may symbolize for other interested parties or neighboring nations involved in the ongoing and sometimes quite contentious Mid-East diplomacy and foreign relations. Since the legislation’s introduction, the consensus has been that this action poses considerable risk to United States national security at home and abroad for this reason.
Constitutional separation of powers
Under the Constitution of the United States the President has exclusive authority to recognize foreign sovereignty over territory. The Justice Department Office of Legal Counsel concluded that the provisions of the Embassy Relocation Act invade exclusive presidential authorities in the field of foreign affairs and are unconstitutional.
U.S. presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and now Barack Obama have alluded to or explicitly stated the belief that Congressional resolutions attempting to legislate foreign policy infringe upon the Executive’s authority and responsibility to carry out sound and effective U.S. foreign relations.
Regarding the status of Jerusalem specifically, President Bush had deemed Congress’ role as merely “advisory”, stating that it “impermissibly interferes with the President’s constitutional authority”. The U.S. Constitution reserves the conduct of foreign policy to the President and resolutions of Congress, such as the ones found in the Authorization Act of 2003 that included the Jerusalem Embassy Act’s provisions, makes the arguments in favor of legislating foreign policy from Congress extremely problematic if not arguably invalid for that Constitutional reason.
Even from the Embassy Act’s legislative beginnings, the question of Congress’ over-reach and if somehow it was usurping the Executive’s authority or power over matters of foreign affair had played subtle role in shaping the debate at the time. President Clinton had taken the unusual step of not signing the Embassy Act into law once Congress had presented it to him but rather let 10 days of inaction pass, allowing the bill to return to Congress and automatically become law by Constitutional “default” to show his disapproval. The non-action on Clinton’s part reinforced this sticking point between the branches of Federal government without the possible public fallout from taking a “negative stand” on what appeared to be favorable, veto-proof legislation on the surface overall and at the time.
Presidential Waiver
This Constitutional question was apparent while the legislation was working its way through both chambers; Sen. Dole’s amendment adopted into the introduced language included a provision that, in part, returned the Executive the power over foreign affairs it already had.
Since 1998, the relocation of the embassy from Tel Aviv has been suspended by the sitting President semi-annually based on national security concerns as provided for in section 7 of the Act.
Sec. 7. Presidential Waiver.
(a) Waiver Authority.—
(3) A report under paragraph (1) or (2) shall include—
(b) Applicability of Waiver to Availability of Funds.—
Since this provision went into effect in late 1998, all the Presidents serving in office during this period have determined moving forward with the relocation would be detrimental to U.S. national security concerns and opted to issue waivers suspending any action on this front. A re-assessment has to take place every six months however. In response, members of Congress have began to include language to do away with the President’s exclusivity in making the determinations or flat-out remove the waiver provision completely from the Embassy Act altogether.
Developments
Noteworthy Developments since the passage of the Act and well past the initial May 31, 1999 deadline’s expiration:
Of the 22 Presidential Determinations to suspend the limitations that have been issued between 1998 and the Fall of 2009, only the Bush era issuances, the bulk of the determinations to date, included the wording:
Section 214 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, FY 2003 states:
Claims have arisen that a result of the Embassy Act, official U.S. documents and web sites refer to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, although this has been the case in many instances before the Act became law. The 2009 CIA World Fact Book has carried the typical Federal citation concerning Israel’s capital and the absence of the usual concentration of foreign embassies being within its boundaries or proximity.
A potential site for a future US Embassy office building has been demarcated by Israel and the US, and is maintained in the neighborhood of Talpiot. Currently, the United States has two diplomatic office facilities in Jerusalem: a Consulate on Agron Road in West Jerusalem, and a consular annex on Nablus road in East Jerusalem. The U.S. State Department is in the process of building a new office annex in the West Jerusalem neighborhood of Arnona to replace the aging consular section in East Jerusalem.
^ Marshall J. Breger, “Jerusalem Gambit: How We Should Treat Jerusalem Is a Matter of U.S. Constitutional Law as Well as Middle Eastern Politics,” National Review 23 Oct. 1995
^ On the passage of S. 1322, the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, Roll call vote 496, via Senate.gov
^ On the passage of S. 1322, the Jerusalem Embassy Act of 1995, Roll call vote 734, via Clerk.House.gov
^ See for example Article 28 of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine ; and ICJ Reports 2004, CONSTRUCTION OF A WALL (ADVISORY OPINION) page 165 para. 70, page 188 para 129. Paul J.I.M. de Waart said “The Court ascertained the legal significance of the ‘sacred trust of civilization’ of the League of Nations (LoN) in respect of the 1922 Palestine Mandate as the origin of the present responsibility of the United Nations”, in ‘International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process’, Leiden Journal of International Law, 18 (2005), pp. 467–487
^ Walworth (1986) 473-83, esp. p. 481; Melvin I. Urofsky, American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust, (1995) ch. 6; Frank W. Brecher, Reluctant Ally: United States Foreign Policy toward the Jews from Wilson to Roosevelt. (1991) ch 1-4.
^Rubenberg, Cheryl (1986). Israel and the American National Interest: A Critical Examination. University of Illinois Press. pp. 27. ISBN 0-252-06074-1.
^ CRANE AND KING’S LONG-HID REPORT ON THE NEAR EAST, New York Times, 3 December 1922.
^ The Avalon Project: Jordanian-Israeli General Armistice Agreement, April 3, 1949
^ ab See “Corpus Separatum §33 Jerusalem” Marjorie M. Whiteman editor, US State Department Digest of International Law, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pages 593-4;Foreign relations of the United States, 1948. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa (in two parts) Volume V, Part 2, Page 748; “Governing Jerusalem: again on the world’s agenda”, By Ira Sharkansky, Wayne State University Press, 1996, ISBN: 0814325920, page 23; and John Quigley, “The Legal Status Of Jerusalem Under International Law, The Turkish Yearbook Of International Relations, pp 11-25
^ Martin Gilbert, Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1996), pp. 243-244.
^ Gilbert, p. 253.
^ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-1963: Near East, 1962-1963, V. XVIII. DC: GPO, 2000, 152. Memorandum of conversation, February 7, 1963. Crawford (NE)-Campbell (IO)-Bar-Haim (Israeli Embassy) meeting: U.S. position on the status of Jerusalem
^ See General Assembly, A/L.523/Rev.1, 4 July 1967
^ Daniel Levy,Is it Good for the Jews?, The American Prospect, June 2006
^ Needs a Title #1
^ See Restatement (3rd) Foreign Relations Law of the United States, American Law Institute, 1986, §§ 203 Recognition or Acceptance of Governments and §§ 204 Recognition and Maintaining Diplomatic Relations Law of the United States.
^ See Justice Department Memorandum Opinion For The Counsel To The President, May 16, 1995
^ Signing Statement by the President on H.R. 1646, the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, FY 2003, 30 September 2002, NARA Archives.
^ Press Secretary Briefing, October 24, 1995, White House, National Archives and Records Administration.
^ Article I, Section 7, of the Constitution of the United States.
^ Congressional Record, Notes & Major Actions on the Embassy Act, S. 1322, 104th Congress, OFR Archivist of the United States.
^111th Congress (2009) (Nov 5, 2009). “Jerusalem Embassy Relocation Act of 2009″. S. 2737. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s111-2737&version=is&nid=t0%3Ais%3A31. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
^111th Congress (2009) (Jul 30, 2009). “Jerusalem Embassy and Recognition Act of 2009″. H.R. 3412. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-3412&version=ih&nid=t0%3Aih%3A23. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
^ Compiled List of Presidential Determinations, Addendum to Public Law 104-45, Office of the Federal Register (FR pp compilation)
^Marshall J. Breger (Oct. 23, 1995). “Jerusalem Gambit: How We Should Treat Jerusalem Is a Matter of U.S. Constitutional Law as Well as Middle Eastern Politics”. National Review. Gale Group. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Jerusalem%20gambit:%20how%20we%20should%20treat%20Jerusalem%20is%20a%20matter%20of%20U.S….-a017443652. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009. “
But in the end, using the spending power to curtail the President’s Article II authority won’t work. Congress cannot use the power of the purse to seize a power textually committed to the Executive alone. While Congress can probably appropriate money for the construction of a building in West Jerusalem (and create a financial penalty if no construction takes place) it cannot use the ‘‘spending power’’ to order the Executive either in 1996 or 1999 to make that building an embassy rather than a consulate or cultural center. Nor can it order the President to recognize Israeli sovereignty over Jerusalem.
“
^ Unsuccessful bills introduced to take certain steps toward rhe recognition by the U.S. of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel
See Section 1. United States Policy Regarding Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel in:
110th Congress (2007) (Feb 07, 2007). “H.R. 895″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h110-895&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:7. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
109th Congress (2005) (Feb 02, 2005). “H.R. 588″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h109-588&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:7. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
108th Congress (2003) (Jan 07, 2003). “H.R. 167″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h108-167&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:7. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
107th Congress (2001) (Apr 26, 2001). “H.R. 1643″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h107-1643&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:7. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
107th Congress (2001) (Feb 13, 2001). “H.R. 598″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h107-598&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:7. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
106th Congress (1999) (Aug 05, 1999). “H.R. 2785″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h106-2785&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:13. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
106th Congress (1999) (Jul 15, 1999). “H.R. 2529″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h106-2529&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:13. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
106th Congress (1999) (Jul 14, 1999). “H.R. 2515″. Legislation. GovTrack.us. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h106-2515&version=ih&nid=t0:ih:13. Retrieved Dec 07, 2009.
^ Israel ? Government ? Capital, Central Ingelligence Agency, 2009 World FactBook.
External Links
Sample of Presidential Determination to suspend
Presidential Determination No. 99-29 — June 17, 1999, — 64 F.R. 33739 - Clinton’s first
Presidential Determination No. 2001-19 — June 11, 2001 — 66 F.R. 34355 - Bush’s first
Presidential Determination No. 2009-19 — June 05, 2009 — 74 F.R. 27903 - Obama’s first
— Compiled list of all PD’s
Powell sued over Jerusalem’s status, BBC News, published September 17, 2003.
The Jerusalem passport will have its day in court, Shmuel Rosner, Haaretz, published February 22, 2006.
Civil Action No. 2003-1921, (PDF), Zivotofsky et al. v. Secretary of State, U.S. District Court, Judge Gladys Kessler, 19 Sept. 2007
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Embassy_Act”
Categories: Jerusalem | 1995 in law | United States foreign relations legislation | 1995 in international relations | Israel – United States relations
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j. is a weekly community newspaper serving the Jewish community of Northern California.
It began publishing as The Emanu-El on December 22, 1895. In January 4, 1946, following a merger, it changed its name to the Jewish Community Bulletin. Subsequent names included the Northern California Jewish Bulletin and the Jewish Bulletin of Northern California before it adopted its current name on September 19, 2003. In 2006 the paper reached 20,000 households in Northern California. Its website contains all back issues going back to 1995.
Marc S. Klein is Editor & Publisher, and Nora Contini is associate publisher.
External links
Official website
American Jewish Press Association Member Profile
This article about a Californian newspaper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.”
Categories: Jewish newspapers published in the United States | Newspapers published in California | Weekly newspapers published in the United States | Californian newspaper stubs
Satrosphere Science Centre is a science museum in Aberdeen, Scotland. It contains exhibits aimed mainly at younger children. It attracts primary school groups around the year and its exhibits are ‘hands on’ so that everything can be played with and examined. The centre is a registered non-profit organization that is funded by the public and donations from local corporate sponsors. Birthday parties and other events for children may be held here by prior arrangement.
It is located on Constitution Street and previously was based on Justice Mill Lane.
See also
Our Dynamic Earth - Science Centre in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Glasgow Science Centre - Science Centre in Glasgow, Scotland.
Sensation Science Centre - Science Centre in Dundee, Scotland.
External links
Official Website
v•d•e
Theatres, galleries, museums and historical buildings in Aberdeen
Aberdeen Arts Centre ·Aberdeen Art Gallery ·Aberdeen Maritime Museum ·Central Library ·Glover House ·Gordon Highlanders Museum ·His Majesty’s Theatre ·James Dun’s House ·Kings College ·Marischal Museum ·Provost Ross’s House ·Provost Skene’s House ·Satrosphere Science Centre ·St Machar’s Cathedral ·Storybook Glen ·The Tolbooth ·
This article about a Scottish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
This Aberdeen location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v•d•e
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satrosphere_Science_Centre”
Categories: Science museums in Scotland | Buildings and structures in Aberdeen | Visitor attractions in Aberdeen | Scottish building and structure stubs | Aberdeen geography stubs
(Redirected from Richter, Sviatoslav Teofilovich)
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Richter, ca. 1935
Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter (Russian: ????????? ?????????? ??????Sviatosláv Teofílovich Ríkhter, Ukrainian: ????????? ?????????? ??????; March 20 1915 – August 1, 1997) was a Soviet and Russian virtuoso pianist well known for the depth of his interpretations, virtuoso technique, and vast repertoire. He is widely considered one of the greatest pianists of the twentieth century.
Contents
1Biography
1.1Childhood
1.2Early career
1.3Behind the Iron Curtain
1.4Tour in the West
1.5Later years
2Repertoire
3Approach to performance
4Recordings
5Honours and awards
6Quotations
6.1Memorable statements about Richter
6.2Memorable statements by Richter
7Anecdotes
8Media
9References
10Further reading
11External links
Biography
Childhood
Richter was born in Zhitomir, Russian Empire (now Ukraine). His father, Theophil Danilovich Richter (1872–1941), was a German expatriate pianist, organist, and composer who studied at Vienna. His mother Anna Pavlovna (née Moskaleva; 1892–1963) was from a landowning family, and at one point had been a pupil of Teofil’s. In 1918, when Richter’s parents were in Odessa, the Civil War separated them from their son, and Richter moved in with his aunt Tamara. He lived with her between 1918 to 1921, and it was then that his interest in art first manifested itself, although he first became interested in painting, which his aunt taught him.
In 1921 the family was reunited, and the Richters moved to Odessa, where Teofil taught at the Odessa Conservatory and, briefly, worked as organist of a Lutheran church. In early 1920s Richter became interested in music (as well as other artforms, such as cinema, literature, and theatre) and started studying piano. Unusually, he was largely self-taught. His father only gave him a basic education in music, and so did one of his father’s pupils, a Czech harpist.
Even at an early age, Richter was an excellent sight-reader, and regularly practiced with local opera and ballet companies. He developed a lifelong passion for opera, vocal and chamber music that found its full expression in the festivals he established in Grange de Meslay, France, and in Moscow, at the Pushkin Museum. At age 15, he started to work at the Odessa Opera where he accompanied the rehearsals.
Early career
On March 19, 1934, Richter gave his first recital, at the Engineers’ Club of Odessa; but he did not formally start studying piano until three years later, when he decided to seek Heinrich Neuhaus, a famous pianist and piano teacher, at the Moscow Conservatory. During Richter’s audition for Neuhaus, Neuhaus apparently whispered to a fellow student “this man’s a genius”. Although Neuhaus taught many great pianists, including Emil Gilels and Radu Lupu, it is said that he considered Richter to be “the genius pupil, for whom he had been waiting all his life”, while acknowledging that he taught Richter almost “nothing”.
Early in his career, Richter also tried his hand at composing, and it even appears that he played some of his compositions during his audition for Neuhaus. He gave up composition shortly after moving to Moscow. Years later, Richter explained this decision as follows: “Perhaps the best way I can put it is that I see no point in adding to all the bad music in the world”.
Behind the Iron Curtain
Richter was homosexual, and while his sexual orientation was an open secret in the Soviet musical world, this sexual behavior was illegal. This conflict contributed to Richter’s tendency to be private and withdrawn. Richter was not open to interviews and never publicly discussed his personal life until in the last year of his life filmmaker Bruno Monsangeon convinced him to be interviewed for a documentary.
By the beginning of World War II Richter’s parents’ marriage had failed and his mother had fallen in love with another man. Because Richter’s father was a German he was under suspicion by the authorities and a plan was made for the family to flee the country. Due to her romantic involvement, his mother did not want to leave and so they remained in Odessa. In 1942, his father was shot by the Soviets as a spy and Richter didn’t speak to his mother again until shortly before her death nearly 20 years later.
In 1945, Richter met and accompanied in recital the soprano Nina Dorliak. Richter and Dorliak thereafter remained companions until his death, although they never legally married. She provided not only a “social front” for his sexual orientation, as Ivry writes, but also a practical counterbalance to his impulsive nature. She would wind his watch for him, remind him of appointments, and manage his professional commitments.
In 1949 he won the Stalin Prize, which led to extensive concert tours in Russia, Eastern Europe and China. Richter gave his first concerts outside the Soviet union in Czechoslovakia in 1950. In 1952, Richter was invited to play Franz Liszt in a film based on the life of Mikhail Glinka, called Kompozitor Glinka (Russian: ?????????? ??????, “The Composer Glinka”; a remake of the 1946 film Glinka). The title role was played by Boris Smirnov.
In 1960, even though he had a reputation for being “indifferent” to politics, Richter defied the authorities when he performed at Boris Pasternak’s funeral. (He had played Prokofiev’s Violin Sonata No. 1 at Joseph Stalin’s funeral in 1953, with David Oistrakh.)
Sviatoslav Richter (who had received the Stalin and Lenin prizes and became People’s Artist of the RSFSR), gave his first tour concerts in the USA in 1960, and in England and France in 1961 .
Tour in the West
The West first became aware of Richter through recordings made in the 1950s. One of Richter’s first advocates in the West was Emil Gilels, who stated during his first tour of the United States that the critics (who were giving Gilels rave reviews) should “wait until you hear Richter.”
Richter’s first concerts in the West took place in May 1960, when he was allowed to play in Finland, and on October 15, 1960, in Chicago, where he played Johannes Brahms’s Second Piano Concerto accompanied by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Erich Leinsdorf, creating a sensation. In a review, noted music Chicago Tribune critic Claudia Cassidy, who was known for her unkind reviews of established artists, recalled Richter first walking on stage hesitantly, looking vulnerable (as if about to be “devoured”), but then sitting at the piano and dispatching “the performance of a lifetime”. Richter’s 1960 tour of the United States culminated in a series of concerts at Carnegie Hall.
Richter, however, claimed to dislike performing in the United States. Following a 1970 incident at Alice Tully Hall in New York City, when Richter’s performance alongside David Oistrakh was disrupted by anti-Soviet protests, Richter vowed never to return. Rumors of a planned return to Carnegie Hall surfaced in the last years of Richter’s life, although it is not clear if there was any truth behind them.
In 1961, Richter played for the first time in London. His first recital, pairing works of Haydn and Prokofiev, was received with hostility by British critics. Notably, Neville Cardus concluded that Richter’s playing was “provincial”, and wondered why Richter had been invited to play in London, given that London had plenty of “second class” pianists of its own. Following a July 18, 1961 concert, where Richter performed both of Franz Liszt’s piano concertos, the critics reversed course.
In 1963, after searching in the Loire Valley, France, for a venue suitable for a music festival, Richter discovered La Grange de Meslay several kilometres north of Tours. The festival established by Richter that became an annual event.
Later years
While he very much enjoyed performing for an audience, Richter hated planning concerts years in advance, and in later years took to playing at very short notice in small, most often darkened halls, with only a small lamp lighting the score. Richter claimed that this setting helped the audience focus on the music being performed, rather than on extraneous and irrelevant matters such as the performer’s grimaces and gestures.
In 1986, Richter embarked on a six-month tour of Siberia, possibly giving as many as 150 recitals, at times performing in small towns that did not even have a concert hall. It is said that after one such concert, the members of the audience who had never before heard classical music performed, gathered in the middle of the hall and started swaying from side to side to celebrate the performer. In his last years, it is said that Richter contemplated giving concerts free of charge.
An anecdote illustrates Richter’s approach to performance in the last decade of his life. After reading a biography of Charlemagne (Richter was an avid reader), Richter had his secretary send a telegram to the director of the theater in Aachen, Charlemagne’s favoured residence city and his burial place, stating “The Maestro has read a biography of Charlemagne and would like to play at Aquisgrana”. The performance took place shortly thereafter.
As late as 1995, Richter continued to perform some of the most demanding pieces in the pianistic repertoire, including Maurice Ravel’s Miroirs cycle, Sergei Prokofiev’s Second Sonata and Frédéric Chopin’s études and Fourth Ballade.
Richter’s last recorded orchestral performance was of three Mozart concerti in 1994 with the Japan Shinsei Symphony Orchestra conducted by his old friend Rudolf Barshai.
Richter’s last recital was a private gathering in Lübeck, Germany, on 30 March 1995. The program consisted of two Haydn sonatas and Max Reger’s Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Beethoven, a piece for two pianos, which Richter performed with pianist Andreas Lucewicz.
Richter died at Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow from a heart attack, after he suffered from a depressed state of mind caused by his inability to perform in public. At the time of his death, Richter was rehearsing Schubert’s Fünf Klavierstücke, D. 459.
Repertoire
As Richter once put it, “My repertory runs to around eighty different programs, not counting chamber works.” Indeed, Richter’s repertoire ranged from Handel and Bach to Szymanowski, Berg, Webern, Stravinsky, Bartók, Hindemith, Britten, and Gershwin, although the works he did not play are curious (they include Bach’s Goldberg Variations, Beethoven’s Waldstein and Moonlight sonatas and Fourth and Fifth piano concertos, Schubert’s A-major sonata D. 959, Prokofiev’s Third piano concerto, and Rachmaninoff’s Piano Concerto No. 3).
Richter worked tirelessly to learn new pieces. For instance, in the late 1980s, he learned Brahms’s Paganini and Handel variations and in the 1990s, he learned several of Debussy’s etudes, piano concertos by Saint-Saëns, Gershwin, Mozart, as well as sonatas by Bach and Mozart which he had not previously included in his programs.
Central to his repertoire were the works of Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Ludwig van Beethoven, J. S. Bach, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, Sergei Prokofiev, Claude Debussy and many others. He is said to have learned the second book of Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier by heart in one month.
He gave the premiere of Prokofiev’s Sonata No. 7, which he learned in four days, and No. 9, which Prokofiev dedicated to Richter. Apart from his solo career, he also performed chamber music with partners such as Mstislav Rostropovich, Rudolf Barshai, David Oistrakh, Oleg Kagan, Yuri Bashmet, Natalia Gutman, Zoltán Kocsis, Elisabeth Leonskaja, Benjamin Britten and members of the Borodin String Quartet. Richter also often accompanied singers such as Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Peter Schreier, Galina Pisarenko and his long-time companion Nina Dorliak.
Richter also conducted the premiere of Prokofiev’s Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra. This was his sole appearance as a conductor. The soloist was Rostropovich, to whom the work was dedicated. Prokofiev also wrote his 1949 Cello Sonata in C for Rostropovich, and he and Richter premiered it in 1950. Richter himself was a passable cellist, and Rostropovich was a good pianist; at one concert in Moscow at which he accompanied Rostropovich on the piano, they exchanged instruments for part of the program.
Approach to performance
Richter explained his approach to performance as follows: “The interpreter is really an executant, carrying out the composer’s intentions to the letter. He doesn’t add anything that isn’t already in the work. If he is talented, he allows us to glimpse the truth of the work that is in itself a thing of genius and that is reflected in him. He shouldn’t dominate the music, but should dissolve into it.” Or, similarly: “I am not a complete idiot, but whether from weakness or laziness have no talent for thinking. I know only how to reflect: I am a mirror . . . Logic does not exist for me. I float on the waves of art and life and never really know how to distinguish what belongs to the one or the other or what is common to both. Life unfolds for me like a theatre presenting a sequence of somewhat unreal sentiments; while the things of art are real to me and go straight to my heart.”
Richter’s belief that musicians should “carry … out the composer’s intentions to the letter”, led him to be critical of others and, most often, himself. After attending a recital of Murray Perahia, where Perahia performed Chopin’s Third Piano Sonata without observing the first movement repeat, Richter asked him backstage to explain the omission. Similarly, after Richter realized that he had been playing a wrong note in Bach’s Italian Concerto for decades, he insisted that the following disclaimer/apology be printed on a CD containing a performance thereof: “Just now Sviatoslav Richter realized, much to his regret, that he always made a mistake in the third measure before the end of the second part of the ‘Italian Concerto’. As a matter of fact, through forty years — and no musician or technician ever pointed it out to him — he played ‘F-sharp’ rather than ‘F’. The same mistake can be found in the previous recording made by Maestro Richter in the fifties.”
Recordings
Despite his large discography, Richter disliked the recording process, and most of Richter’s recordings originate from live performances. Thus, his live recitals from Moscow (1948), Warsaw (1954 and 1972), Sofia (1958), New York City (1960), Leipzig (1963), Aldeburgh (multiple years), Prague (multiple years), Salzburg (1977) and Amsterdam (1986), are hailed as some of the finest documents of his playing, as are other myriad live recordings issued prior to and since his death on labels including Music & Arts, BBC Legends, Philips, Russian Revelation, and more recently Ankh productions.
Other critically acclaimed live recordings by Richter include performances of Scriabin’s selected etudes, preludes and sonatas (multiple performances, different years), Schumann’s C major Fantasy (multiple performances, different years), Beethoven’s Appassionata sonata (Moscow, 1960), Schubert’s B-flat sonata (multiple performances, different years), Ravel’s Miroirs (Prague, 1965), Liszt’s B minor sonata (multiple performances, 1965-66), Beethoven’s Hammerklavier Sonata (multiple performances, 1975) and selected preludes by Rachmaninoff (multiple performances, different years) and Debussy (multiple performances, different years).
However, despite his professed hatred for the studio, Richter took the recording process quite seriously. For instance, after a long recording session for Schubert’s Wanderer Fantasy, for which he had used a Bösendorfer piano, Richter listened to the tapes and, dissatisfied with his performance, told the recording engineer “Well, I think we’ll remake it on the Steinway after all”. Similarly, during a recording session for Schumann’s Toccata, Richter reportedly chose to play this piece (which Schumann himself considered “among the most difficult pieces ever written” ) several times in a row, without taking any breaks, in order to preserve the spontaneity of his interpretation.
According to Falk Schwartz and John Berrie’s 1983 article “Sviatoslav Richter — A Discography”, in the 1970s Richter announced his intention of recording his complete solo repertoire “on some 50 discs”. This “complete” Richter project did not come to fruition, however, although twelve LPs worth of recordings were pressed between 1970 and 1973, and were subsequently re-issued (in CD format) by Olympia (various composers, 10 CDs) and RCA (Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier).
In 1961, Richter’s recording with Erich Leinsdorf and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra of the Brahms Piano Concerto No. 2 won the Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance - Concerto or Instrumental Soloist. That recording is still considered a landmark (despite Richter’s claim he was dissatisfied with it), as are his studio recordings of Schubert’s Wanderer Fantasy, Liszt’s two Piano Concertos, Rachmaninoff’s Second Piano Concerto and Schumann’s Toccata, among many others.
Honours and awards
Sonning Award (1986; Denmark)
Doctor of Music, honoris causa Oxford University
Quotations
Memorable statements about Richter
The Italian critic Piero Rattalino has asserted that the only pianists comparable to Richter in the history of piano performance were Franz Liszt and Ferruccio Busoni.
Glenn Gould called Richter one of “the most powerful musical communicators of our time”.
Nathan Milstein described Richter in his memoir “From Russia to the West” as the following: “Richter was certainly a marvelous pianist but not as impeccable as he was reputed to be. His music making was too dry for me. In Richter’s interpretation of Ravel’s Jeux d’eau, instead of flowing water you hear frozen icicles.”
Van Cliburn attended a Richter recital in 1958 in the Soviet Union. He reportedly cried during the recital and, upon returning to the United States, described Richter’s playing as “the most powerful piano playing I have ever heard”.
Arthur Rubinstein described his first exposure to Richter as follows: “It really wasn’t anything out of the ordinary. Then at some point I noticed my eyes growing moist: tears began rolling down my cheeks.”
Heinrich Neuhaus described Richter as follows: “His singular ability to grasp the whole and at the same time miss none of the smallest details of a composition suggests a comparison with an eagle who from his great height can see as far as the horizon and yet single out the tiniest detail of the landscape.”
Dmitri Shostakovich wrote of Richter: “Richter is an extraordinary phenomenon. The enormity of his talent staggers and enraptures. All the phenomena of musical art are accessible to him.”
Vladimir Sofronitsky proclaimed that Richter was a “genius”, prompting Richter to respond that Sofronitsky was a “god”.
Vladimir Horowitz said: “Of the Russian pianists, I like only one, Richter”
Pierre Boulez wrote of Richter: “His personality was greater than the possibilities offered to him by the piano, broader than the very concept of complete mastery of the instrument.”
Gramophone critic Bryce Morrison described Richter as follows: “Idiosyncratic, plain-speaking, heroic, reserved, lyrical, virtuosic and perhaps above all, profoundly enigmatic, Sviatoslav Richter remains one of the greatest recreative artists of all time.”
Memorable statements by Richter
On listening to Bach: “It does no harm to listen to Bach from time to time, even if only from a hygienic standpoint.”
On Scriabin: “Scriabin isn’t the sort of composer whom you’d regard as your daily bread, but is a heady liqueur on which you can get drunk periodically, a poetical drug, a crystal that’s easily broken.”
On picking small venues for performance: “Put a small piano in a truck and drive out on country roads; take time to discover new scenery; stop in a pretty place where there is a good church; unload the piano and tell the residents; give a concert; offer flowers to the people who have been so kind as to attend; leave again.”
On his plan to perform without a fee: “Music must be given to those who love it. I want to give free concerts; that’s the answer.”
Anecdotes
Richter refused to play piano transcriptions in concert, although on occasion he would perform opera transcriptions for his friends. In the 1940s, he apparently performed his own transcription of Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde for a group of friends in one sitting. Similarly, after being a witness at Riccardo Muti’s wedding, Richter played from memory the entire first act of Puccini’s Madama Butterfly for a small group of wedding guests.
Born in 1915 to a father of German extraction and a Russian noble mother, Richter recounts how he told Herbert von Karajan that he (Richter) was “a German, too”, and Karajan replied “then I am a Chinese”. Richter commented on Karajan’s reaction by saying, “How do you like that?” (Karajan was of part-Greek and Slovenian descent.)
During a 1986 press conference in Russia, the older Horowitz asked whether it was true that Richter used the score when performing.
Media
Wanderer fantasy
In this 1963 studio recording of Schubert’s Wanderer Fantasy, Richter demonstrates his barnstorming technique and ability to control all aspects of his playing to bring out the structural features of a work as he moves from the end of the third movement into the beginning of the finale.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.
References
^ ab Great Pianists of the 20th Century
^ Fanning, David. “Sviatoslav (Teofilovich) Richter”, Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed 2 December 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
^ Monsaingeon 2001, pp. 12–14
^ Monsaingeon 2001, p. 20
^ Kevin Bazzana - Sviatoslav Richter (1915-1997), Notes to Richter in Leipzig, Music & Arts CD 1025.
^Benjamin Ivry (5 January 2005). “from Russia with (forbidden) love”. salon. http://www.salon.com/ent/music/feature/1999/01/05feature.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
^ letter from Nicolas Nabokov to Igor Stravinsky, February 3, 1963, Stravinsky, selected correspondence, Vol II ISBN 0-394-52813-1 “We are writing to you from a concert by Sviatoslav Richter, who is playing Bach and Schubert brilliantly. He is a flaming fag.”
^Coleman, Alexander (October 1997). “Sviatoslav Richter, 1915-1997″. The New Criterion16 (2). http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/16/oct97/coleman.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
^ abMichael Kimmelman (22 June 1997). “The Reputation Is Legendary, The Playing Unpredictable”. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807EEDB1F3FF931A15755C0A961958260. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
^ Claudia Cassidy, Chicago Tribune, 1960.
^ http://www.trovar.com/str/dates/a1960.html.
^ “America is standardized. It’s all the same. I don’t like it” says Richer in Monsaingeon’s documentary “Richter, The Enigma”, op.cit.
^ Kevin Bazzana - Sviatoslav Richter (1915-1997), Notes to Richter in Leipzig, Music & Arts CD 1025
^ David Fanning, Notes to Sviatoslav Richter performs Chopin and Liszt, BBC Legends CD 2000.
^ Monsaingeon, p. 108, “That’s why I now play in the dark, to empty my head of all non-essential thoughts and allow the listener to concentrate on the music rather than on the performer. What’s the point of watching a pianist’s hands or face, when they only express the efforts being expended on the piece?”
^ Transsiberian Express, Le Monde de la musique, May 1989.
^ Kevin Bazzana - Sviatoslav Richter (1915-1997); Bruno Monsaingeon: Introduction to Sviatoslav Richter — Notebooks and Conversations p. XX.
^ Piero Rattalino, Sviatoslav Richter - Il Visionario.
^“Sviatoslav Richter Recital, Museo Del Prado, Madrid”. Sviatoslav Richter Chronology. trovar.com. 16 February 1995. http://www.trovar.com/str/dates/95Madrid.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
^“Sviatoslav Richter Recital, Santuario de la Bien Aparecida, Santander, Spain”. Sviatoslav Richter Chronology. trovar.com. 18 January 1995. http://www.trovar.com/str/dates/95Santander2.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
^ http://www.trovar.com/str/dates/a1994.html
^ Sviatoslav Richter Chronology - 1995
^ Richter International Piano Competition
^ Monsaingeon, p. 143.
^ ab Monsaingeon, pp. 383-406.
^ Monsaingeon, p. 48
^ Monsaingeon, p. 413.
^ Monsaingeon, p. 153.
^Mervyn Horder (May 1994). “A Richter Rehearsal at the Barbican,”. Contemporary Review. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-16044498.html. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
^ Monsaingeon, p. 153.
^ Monsaingeon, p. 313 (”When I asked him why he didn’t do the repeat of the exposition in the B minor Sonata, he seemed surprised and exclaimed ‘But no one does it’”.).
^ Richter’s comment on inner sleeve of Stradivarius CD 33323.
^ Falk Schwartz & John Berrie, Sviatoslav Richter — A Discography, Recorded Sound, July 1983 (” repeated assert that he dislikes the recording studio”).
^“Review Digest for Performances by Sviatoslav Richter”. ClassicsToday. http://www.classicstoday.com/digest/pdigest.asp?perfidx=2239. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
^ Falk Schwartz & John Berrie, Sviatoslav Richter — A Discography, Recorded Sound, July 1983.
^ Guardian Unlimited | Archive Search
^ Robert Schumann’s correspondence, about 1832
^ Recorded Sound, July 1983.
^ Bruno Monsaingeon, Sviatoslav Richter — Notebooks and Conversations, p. 108 (”There was also the recording of Brahms’s Second Concerto with Erich Leinsdorf, one of my words records, even though people still praise it to the skies. I can’t bear it.”)
^ See, e.g., www.classicstoday.com.
^ http://www.trovar.com/str/dates/OXFORD.htm.
^ See Piero Rattalino, Pianisti e Fortisti, Il terzo Uomo (”How many pianists can claim today to be at level? How many are his peers, in the whole history of piano playing? Although I may appear unduly selective, only two names come to mind: Franz Liszt and Feruccio Busoni. The first was born in 1811; the second in 1866, fifty-one years later. And Richter was born in 1915, forty-nine years after Busoni.).
^ ab Bruno Monsaingeon, The Enigma (film biography of Richter).
^ Milstein, Nathan. From Russia to the West the musical memoirs and reminiscences of Nathan Milstein. New York: H. Holt, 1990. p. 222
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_Richter”
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located in Poland” src=”http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Poland_location_map.svg/250px-Poland_location_map.svg.png” width=”250″ height=”243″ />
Kowary (German: Schmiedeberg im Riesengebirge) is a town in Jelenia Góra County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. In 1945 Kowary came back to Poland.
It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Jelenia Góra, and 93 kilometres (58 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wroc?aw.
History
The earliest historic referent about Kowary dates back to 1148 . It was about Walloon Laurentius Angelus who found iron ore near hill Rudnik in Rudawy Janowickie Mountains. Ten years later, Polish duke Boles?aw IV the Curly, ordered to mine iron in those parts of his realm.
Reference of Schmiedeberg (Germanized name of Kowary) dates back to 1355, when the region was made arable by German peasants. In this year Duke Bolko II the Small, the last independent Silesian Piast, granted mining privileges to the local miners. According to H. Weczerka reports about a earlier mention by a Walloon called Laurentius Angelus, who was looking for copper ore, are wrong. They are based upon a largely unreliable writing by 17th century jurist and historian Ephraim Ignatius Naso from nearby Schweidnitz (Swidnica).
Since 1401 the village belonged to the possessions of the Schaffgotsch family. As a mining center Schmiedeberg received several privileges and was seat of a Vogt since 1368. A accord with Hirschberg (Jelenia Gora) in 1454 elevated Schmiedeberg above the status of a village, it wasn’t until 1513 however that Casper Schaffgotsch acquired the municipal law from Bohemias king Vladislas II against the opposition of Hirschberg. Mining flourished until the Thirty Years’ War, when the town was destroyed in 1633. After the war veil weaving became more and more important for Schmiedeberg, whereas mining dimished. In the early 18th century the town became one of the biggest veil trading places in Silesia with trade relations to Bohemia, Italy, Spain, Russia and North America. When Prussia annexed Silesia in 1742 a economic decline followed. Aid by the Prussian king, the settling of Saxon damask weavers, couldn’t stop the downturn. Only the Industrialisation, beginning around 1850, led to a recovery of the local economy. In 1882 Schmiedeberg received a rail connection to Hirschberg, which further strengthened the economy.
Schmiedeberg, belonging to the duchy of Schweidnitz-Jauer (Swidnca-Jawor), remained in possession of the Schaffgotsch family until 1634. In the 16th century the population adopted the Protestant faith. When Hans Ulrich of Schaffgotsch was arrested as a follower of Wallenstein the town came under Imperial custody. In 1639 the emperor sold the town to Bohemian count Hermann of Czernin, which kept Schmiedeberg until Prussias takeover of Silesia. Frederick II. immediately sold the possessions to the town, which thereby became souvereign.
After the Peace of Westphalia the Counter-Reformation was executed also in Schmiedeberg. The Protestant could now practice their faith only at the church of peace in Jauer (Jawor) and later in Hirschberg and Landeshut (Kamienna Góra). After Prussia annexed Silesia the Portestants received their own church (Bethaus).
After World War II Silesia became part of Poland and the German population fled or was expelled westwards, the town was resettled by the Poles and renamed back to Kowary. As of 2006, the town had a population of 11,824.
Footnotes
^ K. Kwa?niewski, Podania Dolno?l?skie, Wroc?aw 1999, s. 136, ISBN 8391040313
^ R. Majewski, Wiedza o ziemi naszej,, Ossolineum 1975, p. 210
^ Micha? P. Mierzejewski, Karkonosze: przyroda nieo?ywiona i cz?owiek, Wroc?aw 2005, p. 271, ISBN 8322926758
^ Hugo Weczerka, Handbuch der historischen Stätten, Schlesien, 2003, p.476, ISBN 3520316021
^ Arne Franke, Das schlesische Elysium, 2005, p.6, ISBN 3936168334
^ K. Kwa?niewski, Podania Dolno?l?skie, Wroc?aw 1999, s. 136, ISBN 8391040313
^ Hugo Weczerka, Handbuch der historischen Stätten, Schlesien, 2003, p.476, ISBN 3520316021
^ Theodor Eisenmänger, Geschichte der Stadt Schmiedeberg im Riesengebirge, Verlag May Woywod, Breslau, 1900, p.1
^Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 23, page 261, Markgraf, Duncker & Humblot, 1886
External links
Official town website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kowary
v•d•e
Jelenia Góra County
Seat (not part of the county): Jelenia Góra
Urban gminas
Karpacz • Kowary • Piechowice • Szklarska Por?ba
Rural gminas
Gmina Janowice Wielkie • Gmina Je?ów Sudecki • Gmina Mys?akowice • Gmina Podgórzyn • Gmina Stara Kamienica
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This page was last modified on 17 February 2010 at 18:52.
Clare College, Cambridge, London School of Economics
Profession
Economist
Andrew Sentance is an external member of the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England. He was appointed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in 2006, and began work on 1 October 2006.
Contents
1Qualifications
2Previous career
3Advice to Government
4Family and Interests
5Related Links
Qualifications
Andrew Sentance was educated at Eltham College and Clare College, Cambridge. At Eltham College, he studied Economics, Mathematics and History at A Level, and at Clare College gained a BA (Hons, 2.1) and an MA in Economics. He gained a PhD in Economics from the London School of Economics with thesis title The Government as employer: a macroeconomic analysisand an MSc, also in Economics, from the L.S.E.
He holds a visiting professorship at Royal Holloway, University of London; he is also a Fellow and former Chairman of the Society of Business Economists. He is a member of the Commission for Integrated Transport which advises the UK Government on transport policy issues, and is a part-time Professorial Fellow at the University of Warwick, where he is now based at Warwick Business School and is developing research into the future Low Carbon Society. He is also a member of the Green Fiscal Commission.
Previous career
Before joining the Bank of England, Sentance held various economic positions. He was Head of Economic Policy and Director of Economic Affairs at the C.B.I., and was a founder member of the Treasury’s Panel of Independent Forecasters (also known as the Seven Wise Men), established in 1992 to provide advice to the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
He joined British Airways in 1998 from London Business School, where he was Director of the Centre for Economic Forecasting. At British Airways, he was Chief Economist and Head of Environmental Affairs. He was also one of the five senior managers appointed in 2001 to prepare the company’s “Future Size and Shape” turnaround plan.
Advice to Government
Sentance was a founder member of the Treasury’s Panel of Independent Forecasters which provided advice to the Chancellor of the Exchequer during the Conservative Government in the 1990s. He has also acted as a government adviser on official statistics and corporate social responsibility. Since 2006, he has been a member of the Commission for Integrated Transport. He is also a member of the panel which has been advising the Department of Transport on the framework of regulation for UK airports.
Family and Interests
Andrew Sentance is 51 and is married with two children. His main interest outside work is music, and he plays the piano, organ, guitar and bass guitar. He is also involved in local church activities in Thurrock, Essex, where he lives. Sentance takes a keen interest in environmental affairs and also in charity work: he is a trustee of the Anglo-German Foundation and a former trustee of the charity Harvest Help (now known as Self Help Africa), which is dedicated to improving life for rural African communities.
King | Bean | Barker | Tucker | Besley | Sentance | Dale | Fisher | Miles
September 2009:
King | Bean | Barker | Tucker | Sentance | Dale | Fisher | Miles | Posen
Related Links
Andrew Sentance’s speeches
Andrew Sentance’s Bank of England profile
Commission for Integrated Transport
Green Fiscal Commission
Warwick University Low Carbon Society Initiative
Article in The Sunday Times (16 August 2009)
Self Help Africa (charity)
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Sentance”
Categories: Monetary Policy Committee members | Living people | Alumni of the London School of Economics | People from Stifford | People associated with Cranfield UniversityHidden categories: Year of birth missing (living people)
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This page was last modified on 5 February 2010 at 01:16.
The Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps was created as a registered charity under the Bermuda Sea Cadet Association Act, 1968. The first unit had actually been created two years earlier. Despite Bermuda’s historical maritime economy, and its long period as a naval base and dockyard, there were no Sea Cadet units on the island before that date. This was even though Army Cadets had been established in the 19th Century, and the Air Training Corps had been established locally during the Second World War. A number or former members of the Royal Navy, Royal Naval Reserve, and Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in Bermuda decided to rectify the omission, and the Corps, effectively a branch of the UK Sea Cadet Corps, but administered separately by a local Executive Council, soon comprised three shore units, known as Training Ships. These are all located on former naval properties. TS Bermuda is located on the grounds of the former Admiralty House, in Spanish Point, Pembroke (near the capital of Bermuda, the City of Hamilton). TS Admiral Somers is named for the founder of Bermuda, and Admiral of the Virginia Company, Sir George Somers. It is located at Convict Bay, St. George’s, which takes its name from the prison hulks the Admiralty moored there at the turn of the 18th/19th Centuries, when the area was used as a naval base before the re-location to the West End. The area was also used by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War, commissioned as HMCS Somers Isles The last unit, TS Venture, is located on Ireland Island, the core of the Royal Navy lands in Bermuda, and the location of the Royal Naval Dockyard.
The Guard of TS Admiral Somers
TS Bermuda, the first unit opened, is nominally the Headquarters unit. Each unit has its own Management Committee, responsible for raising funds for the unit’s expenses. All officers in the Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps are members of the Royal Naval Reserve, and their names are followed by “RNR (SCC)”. The rank bars worn on the cuffs of their jackets, and on epaulettes of shirts and pullovers follow the pattern of the old Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, being ‘wavey’, instead of straight. Each unit is under the command of a Commander, or a Lieutenant-Commander, RNR (SCC), with junior officers, Warrant Officers, and Cadet Instructors, Cadet Petty Officers, and cadet ratings making-up the rest of the command structure.
Before the Royal Naval Base on Ireland Island, HMS Malabar, closed in 1995, the Corps maintained a close relationship with it, with the commanding officer of the base having inspected the units annually. Cadets often were attached to Royal Navy vessels for sea experience, and also train on the UK Sea Cadet Corps tall ship, TS Royalist. The Corps has also taken a leading interest in the building of Bermuda’s own tall ship for youth training, the Spirit of Bermuda. Commander Anthony Lightbourne, RNR (SCC) is a Director of the Bermuda Sloop Foundation, which is building the traditionally designed vessel.
See also
Sea Cadet Corps (United Kingdom)
Royal Navy
Royal Navy Reserve
Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda
External links
Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps
The Sea Cadet Corps
Bermuda Sloop Foundation
Naval Cadet organisations
International
International Sea Cadet Association
Australia
Australian Navy Cadets
Australia
Navy League in Australia and the Sea Cadets – Early History
Belgium
Royal Belgian Sea Cadet Corps
Bermuda
Bermuda Sea Cadet Corps
Canada
Canadian Navy League Cadet Corps
Canada
Navy League Wrennette Corp
Canada
Royal Canadian Sea Cadets
Hong Kong
Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps
The Netherlands
Netherlands Sea Cadet Corps
New Zealand
New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps
New Zealand
Sea Cadet Association of New Zealand
United Kingdom
Girls’ Nautical Training Corps
United Kingdom
Sea Cadet Corps
United Kingdom
Marine Society & Sea Cadets
United States
United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Sea_Cadet_Corps”
Categories: Naval Cadet organisations | Military youth groups by country | Royal Navy | Sail training associations | Military of Bermuda
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This page was last modified on 11 December 2008 at 01:13.
“Pageant Wagon” is a short story by Orson Scott Card. It’s first and only appearance is in his short story collection The Folk of the Fringe (1989).
Contents
1Plot summary
2Connection to the other stories
3Influences
4Characters
4.1Main character
4.2Sweetwater Miracle Pageant people
4.3Other characters
5See also
6References
7External links
Plot summary
In a post-apocalyptic America range rider Deaver Teague is trying to get to the town of Moab because his horse died. On the way he is picked up by the Aal family’s pageant wagon. When they arrive in the town of Hatchville Deaver decides to help the Aal’s set up for the show because he likes them, he wants to see the show and because they have a beautiful daughter named Katie. Over the course of the day Deaver learns that the family has a lot of problems. The most serious of them is that the middle son Ollie wants desperately to get away from the pageant because his father won’t let him act but makes him run the lights and sound board instead. When Ollie takes off with a local girl in an effort the get the family into trouble Deaver talks the sheriff out of arresting anyone and then offers to take over the Ollie’s job so that he can either leave the show or start acting.
Connection to the other stories
In the story “West” by Orson Scott Card, Deaver Teague was found by a group of traveling Mormons after his parents were killed. Since the boy had no parents the group decided to take him along with them to Utah. At the time he was unable to talk and they didn’t know his name so he was named after two of the men in the group; Jamie Teague and Brother Deaver. In the story “Salvage” Deaver is a young man who goes diving in a Mormon temple to try and find hidden gold. In Card’s short story “The Fringe” the main character, Mr. Carpenter is rescued from drowning at the last minute by a group of traveling actors calling itself the “Sweetwater Miracle Pageant”.
Influences
As with many of Card’s other literature, a Christian/Mormon influence is present in this story.
Characters
Main character
Deaver Teague
Sweetwater Miracle Pageant people
Marshall “Marsh” Aal - father
Scarlett Aal - mother
Peter O’Toole “Tooilie” Aal - son
Katie Hepburn Aal - daughter
Laurence Olivier “Ollie” Aal - son
Janie Aal - daughter
Dusty Aal - son
Parley Aal - grandfather
Donna Aal - grandmother
Other characters
Royal “Roy” Aal - from Royal’s Riders
town’s people - unnamed
Meech - range rider dispatcher
secretary - in the mayor’s office - unnamed
Mayor of Hatchville - also the bishop - unnamed
Nance Pulley
Judge Pulley - Nance’s father
sheriff - unnamed
See also
List of works by Orson Scott Card
Orson Scott Card
LDS fiction
References
“Pageant Wagon” by Orson Scott Card
“West” by Orson Scott Card
“Salvage” by Orson Scott Card
“The Fringe” by Orson Scott Card
External links
The official Orson Scott Card website
v•d•e
The Folk of the Fringe by Orson Scott Card
The Folk of the Fringe:
West · Salvage · The Fringe ·Pageant Wagon · America · On Sycamore Hill (essay)
Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pageant_Wagon_(short_story)”
Categories: 1989 short stories | Short stories by Orson Scott Card | Post-apocalyptic short stories | Portrayals of Mormons in popular media
International
Australia
Belgium
Bermuda
Canada
Hong Kong
The Netherlands
New Zealand
United Kingdom
United States